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Investing in different asset classes is known to offer returns to an investor, but there are risks associated as well. Investors need to understand what is investment risk and what are the different types of risk that affect the value of their investments.
\n\n\n\nThis article will provide insights on the topic. So what are the different types of risk?
\n\n\n\nHope this was a good, succinct introduction to concepts that are extremely important for an investor.
You can further learn investing with MProfit to familiarize yourself with the basics, as you embark upon your investing journey.
Overview Most investors understand diversification as the practice of not putting all your eggs in one basket: spread across a few funds, add some gold, and keep some cash. That logic works at most wealth levels. A family holding listed equities, PMS, debt instruments, AIFs, real estate, and gold is not dealing with one tax […]
\n","slug":"capital-gains-tax-ready-reckoner-fy-2025-26","content":"\nMost investors understand diversification as the practice of not putting all your eggs in one basket: spread across a few funds, add some gold, and keep some cash. That logic works at most wealth levels.
\n\n\n\nA family holding listed equities, PMS, debt instruments, AIFs, real estate, and gold is not dealing with one tax rulebook – it is dealing with at least half a dozen, each with its own holding period, rate, and surcharge treatment.
\n\n\n\nThe current framework for capital gains taxation in India applies a uniform LTCG rate of 12.5% across nearly all asset classes. Indexation – the mechanism that allowed investors to adjust the purchase price of an asset for inflation before computing the taxable gain – no longer applies to most assets. The full nominal gain is taxable.
\n\n\n\nThis ready-reckoner covers what each asset class looks like under the current framework, what has changed, and what matters most at the filing stage.
Note: Both listed shares and equity mutual funds (where domestic equity exposure exceeds 65%) are subject to STT on trades and qualify for the rates below.
\n\n\n\nNote: Both listed shares and equity mutual funds (where domestic equity exposure exceeds 65%) are subject to STT on trades and qualify for the rates below.
\n\n\n\nWhat this surcharge cap means in practice: for a portfolio generating multiple income types, equity gains carry a lower effective tax burden than most other income at the same rupee value – a point the surcharge section below quantifies in full.
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKey takeaway: The ₹1.25 lakh annual LTCG exemption and the 15% surcharge cap make the tax treatment of listed equities and equity mutual funds among the most efficient in the current framework.
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Definition: Portfolio Management Services (PMS) is a professionally managed investment service in which securities are held directly in the investor’s demat account – unlike mutual funds, where the investor holds units in a pooled vehicle. This structural difference has significant tax consequences.
\n\n\n\nCurrent rates: LTCG at 12.5% for holdings over 12 months; STCG at 20% for holdings under 12 months.
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKey takeaway: In PMS, the portfolio manager’s trading activity is the investor’s taxable activity. Turnover and holding period directly determine post-tax returns – not just gross performance.
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Definition: Debt mutual funds are collective investment vehicles that primarily invest in fixed-income instruments such as government securities, corporate bonds, and money market instruments. Their tax treatment changed fundamentally on 1 April 2023 – and the purchase date of your units remains the single most consequential variable when filing today.
\n\n\n\nUnits purchased before 1 April 2023:
\n\n\n\nUnits purchased on or after 1 April 2023:
\n\n\n\nListed bonds and debentures: LTCG after 12 months at 12.5%; STCG at slab rate. Interest income across all debt instruments is taxed at slab rate separately from capital gains.
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKey takeaway: For debt mutual fund units purchased after 31 March 2023, there is no LTCG benefit – all gains are taxed at slab rate. The purchase date of every unit must be verified before filing.
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Definition: Gold as a capital asset exists in three distinct legal and financial forms in India – Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs), Gold ETFs, and physical gold (jewellery, coins, and bars). Each form is governed by a different holding period and tax rate, and the tax treatment across the three is not interchangeable.
\n\n\n\n1. Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs):
\n\n\n\n2. Gold ETFs:
\n\n\n\n3. Physical gold (jewellery, coins, bars) – least favourable tax treatment:
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKey takeaway: For FY 2025–26 returns, SGBs held to maturity carry the most favourable tax treatment of the three gold formats – fully exempt from capital gains for all current holders. From FY 2026–27 onwards, that exemption is restricted to original subscribers only. For physical gold acquired before 23 July 2024, run both the indexed (20%) and non-indexed (12.5%) calculations – do not assume the lower rate always produces a lower liability.
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Definition: Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) are privately pooled investment vehicles registered with SEBI under the AIF Regulations, 2012. They are classified into three categories – Category I, II, and III – and their tax treatment differs fundamentally based on category, primarily because of how income is recognised and at which level tax is applied.
\n\n\n\nCategory I and II (pass-through taxation):
\n\n\n\nCategory III (fund-level taxation):
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKey takeaway: Two AIF funds with identical pre-tax returns can leave meaningfully different amounts in an investor’s hand based purely on their SEBI category and income character. For Category III structures in particular, understanding the effective tax rate at fund level – not just the gross return – gives a more accurate picture of what the investment actually delivers.
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Definition: Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) are SEBI-regulated pass-through vehicles that pool investor capital to own income-generating real estate or infrastructure assets. Their distributions carry multiple income components, each subject to a different tax treatment.
\n\n\n\nThe most common filing error with REITs and InvITs is treating the total distribution as a single tax line. It is not.
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKey takeaway: A single REIT or InvIT distribution contains multiple income types taxed at different rates. Filing based on the total credit amount – rather than the trust’s component breakdown notice – is a common and avoidable error.
Definition: A surcharge is an additional levy on income tax, applied as a percentage of the base tax liability. In India, higher income levels attract progressively higher surcharge rates – with one critical exception for capital gains on specified assets, where the surcharge is statutorily capped at 15%.
\n\n\n\n| Gain type | Rate | Max surcharge | Effective rate (approx.) |
| Equity LTCG | 12.5% | 15% | ~14.6% (incl. cess) |
| Debt STCG (post-Apr 2023, old regime, highest bracket) | Slab (30%) | 37% | ~42.7% (incl. cess) |
| Debt STCG (post-Apr 2023, new regime, highest bracket) | Slab (30%) | 25% | ~37.5% (incl. cess) |
\n\n\n\nKey takeaway: A debt fund gain and an equity LTCG of the same rupee amount are not the same tax event. The surcharge differential alone can create a gap of over 25 percentage points in effective tax rate between the two.
This article is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute tax or investment advice. Tax laws are subject to change. Please consult a qualified tax adviser for guidance specific to your situation and financial year.
\n","date":"2026-07-01T04:35:27.000Z","path":"/2026/07/capital-gains-tax-ready-reckoner-fy-2025-26/","categories":[{"name":"Investment Literacy","id":"64bee5ed-c506-5373-9c07-e2adb091ccd7"}],"featured_media":{"localFile":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1,"src":"/static/4d81f94ef6247fa33ce99ee5b39a4b75/f836f/394-Blog-cover-Capital-Gains-Tax-Ready-Reckoner-4.jpg","srcSet":"/static/4d81f94ef6247fa33ce99ee5b39a4b75/2c7f8/394-Blog-cover-Capital-Gains-Tax-Ready-Reckoner-4.jpg 50w,\n/static/4d81f94ef6247fa33ce99ee5b39a4b75/86e11/394-Blog-cover-Capital-Gains-Tax-Ready-Reckoner-4.jpg 100w,\n/static/4d81f94ef6247fa33ce99ee5b39a4b75/f836f/394-Blog-cover-Capital-Gains-Tax-Ready-Reckoner-4.jpg 200w,\n/static/4d81f94ef6247fa33ce99ee5b39a4b75/9dc27/394-Blog-cover-Capital-Gains-Tax-Ready-Reckoner-4.jpg 300w,\n/static/4d81f94ef6247fa33ce99ee5b39a4b75/2244e/394-Blog-cover-Capital-Gains-Tax-Ready-Reckoner-4.jpg 400w,\n/static/4d81f94ef6247fa33ce99ee5b39a4b75/10d63/394-Blog-cover-Capital-Gains-Tax-Ready-Reckoner-4.jpg 1080w","sizes":"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px"}}}}}},{"node":{"title":"Why diversification looks different at the UHNI level","excerpt":"Most investors understand diversification as the practice of not putting all your eggs in one basket: spread across a few funds, add some gold, and keep some cash. That logic works at most wealth levels. But for ultra-high-net-worth individuals managing significant pools of capital, diversification is more deliberate. It is also more layered and goes […]
\n","slug":"uhni-portfolio-diversification","content":"\nMost investors understand diversification as the practice of not putting all your eggs in one basket: spread across a few funds, add some gold, and keep some cash. That logic works at most wealth levels.
\n\n\n\nBut for ultra-high-net-worth individuals managing significant pools of capital, diversification is more deliberate. It is also more layered and goes well beyond spreading risk across a handful of standard products.
\n\n\n\nThe way India’s wealthiest families are building their portfolios today tells a clear story about how that thinking has evolved.
\n\n\n\nIndia’s ultra-wealthy population is growing quickly and becoming more globally significant. Knight Frank’s Wealth Report 2026 says India’s UHNW population – those with a net worth above USD 30 million – stood at 19,877 in 2026. It is projected to rise to 25,217 by 2031.
\n\n\n\nIndia now ranks sixth globally by UHNW population. The country’s billionaire count has also risen 58% over five years, reaching 207 in 2026 and placing India third globally.
\n\n\n\nThis is a wealth base actively seeking allocation across an expanding set of options.
\n\n\n\nFor a long time, the affluent Indian portfolio rested on two familiar foundations: equities and real estate. Both have rewarded long-term holders generously, and that has not changed. What has changed, however, is how much has been added around them.
\n\n\n\nA 2025 analysis of asset allocation trends among India’s wealthy by 360 ONE shows that a typical affluent portfolio today holds roughly 39% in equities, 20% each in debt and real estate, around 10% in gold, and a rising share in alternative investments spanning AIFs, private equity, and venture capital.
\n\n\n\nIn effect, that is a five-part framework, where each component serves a distinct purpose rather than competing for the same role.
\n\n\n\nPublic market equities remain central to most UHNI portfolios and continue to do the work of long-term capital growth. As of March 31, 2026, SEBI data shows that discretionary PMS AUM (excluding EPFO/PF assets) stood at ₹5,00,299 crore, with over 2.06 lakh registered discretionary clients.
\n\n\n\nIn turn, that scale reflects the degree to which India’s affluent investors have moved towards managed, tailored equity strategies rather than plain-vanilla market exposure.
\n\n\n\nThe most pronounced change in UHNI allocation over the past decade has been the move into alternative investments.
\n\n\n\nAs of March 2026, India had 1,849 registered AIFs, up from 732 just five years ago. That marks a 135% increase.
\n\n\n\nTotal AIF commitments have crossed ₹15.74 lakh crore, while net investments have reached ₹6.45 lakh crore.
\n\n\n\nTogether, these figures reflect a CAGR of nearly 30% over the past five years.
\n\n\n\nOver 2,773 accredited investors held AIF units as of April 2026. That is a rise of more than 300% in just twelve months and signals a sharp acceleration in sophisticated participation.
\n\n\n\nCategory II AIFs, which span private equity, private credit, and real assets, account for the majority of total commitments. Meanwhile, domestic investors, including HNIs and family offices, now contribute over 52% of capital in Category I and II AIFs. That marks a decisive shift from historically offshore-dominated funding patterns.
\n\n\n\nThe appeal of alternatives for UHNI investors is straightforward. They offer access to return profiles, sectors, and strategies that public markets cannot always provide.
\n\n\n\nPrivate credit has become an increasingly prominent component of sophisticated Indian portfolios. EY’s Private Credit India Update, published in early 2026, places full-year CY2025 private credit deployment at USD 12.4 billion. That is a 35% increase over CY2024’s USD 9.2 billion.
\n\n\n\nWithin UHNI portfolios, private credit tends to occupy the income sleeve. In practice, it offers floating-rate structures and regular cash flows.
\n\n\n\nDirect real estate ownership remains embedded in Indian UHNI portfolios, but the format of exposure is changing. Institutional-quality access through structured vehicles, real estate AIFs, and capital market instruments is increasingly complementing direct physical ownership.
\n\n\n\nKnight Frank’s Wealth Report 2026 notes that India’s commercial real estate market continues to attract institutional capital, supported by improving yield structures and a maturing REIT market. Private capital flows into Indian real estate reached approximately USD 6.7 billion in 2025.
\n\n\n\nAs a result, preferences across the affluent segment appear to be shifting gradually towards more transparent and yield-oriented structures alongside or instead of direct property.
\n\n\n\nGold has maintained a consistent presence in affluent Indian portfolios. The 360 ONE framework places it at approximately 10% of a typical affluent allocation. Across wealth surveys and advisor commentary, gold is historically viewed as a portfolio stabiliser. In other words, it acts as a hedge against macro uncertainty, currency volatility, and market dislocations rather than as a primary growth driver.
\n\n\n\nThe move towards a more layered portfolio among India’s UHNW investors reflects a more deliberate approach to what each allocation is meant to do.
\n\n\n\nOne sleeve compounds capital over a long horizon. Another generates income with lower volatility. Another preserves purchasing power. Yet another captures opportunities in private markets that are not yet accessible through listed exchanges. The exact mix varies across families depending on liquidity needs, tax considerations, time horizons, and succession priorities. Even so, the underlying approach is consistent: allocation is purpose-driven, not product-driven.
\n\n\n\nThat intentionality also brings complexity. A portfolio spread across listed securities, PMS strategies, mutual funds, AIFs, private credit, direct real estate, and global instruments does not offer a natural single view. As the portfolio grows in depth, it becomes even more important to have a consolidated, real-time understanding of the full picture – where the exposures sit, how risks interact, and whether the overall mix is still aligned to the family’s objectives.
\n\n\n\nAs portfolios become more sophisticated, visibility becomes just as important as construction.
In today’s fast-paced world, securing your child’s financial future is more important than ever. Understanding this need, the Government of India has introduced NPS Vatsalya, an initiative to provide financial security for your minor child. This scheme offers parents and guardians a reliable way to build a strong financial foundation for their children, ensuring they […]
\n","slug":"nps-vatsalya-a-pension-scheme-for-minors","content":"\nIn today’s fast-paced world, securing your child’s financial future is more important than ever.
Understanding this need, the Government of India has introduced NPS Vatsalya, an initiative to provide financial security for your minor child.
This scheme offers parents and guardians a reliable way to build a strong financial foundation for their children, ensuring they are well-prepared for future financial needs, such as higher education or other life milestones.
But what exactly is NPS Vatsalya, and who can benefit from this innovative scheme?
In this blog, we will explore everything you need to know about NPS Vatsalya, from its key features to eligibility criteria, and how you can invest in this plan to safeguard your child’s tomorrow.
Whether you’re a parent, grandparent, or guardian, NPS Vatsalya is a step towards a brighter and more secure future for the next generation.
NPS Vatsalya is a pension scheme that extends the benefits of the regular National Pension System (NPS) to minors.
The scheme allows parents or guardians to open a pension account on behalf of their children under 18 years of age, providing a structured way to invest and secure the child’s financial future.
Through regular contributions, the NPS Vatsalya account aims to build a substantial retirement corpus for the minor, which can later be converted into a regular NPS account upon reaching adulthood.
For a detailed breakdown of how the NPS works, check out this comprehensive analysis: The National Pension Scheme
Eligibility for NPS Vatsalya is straightforward. The scheme is open to Indian citizens below 18 years of age. Here are the specific criteria:
\n\n\n\nSimilar to the regular NPS, NPS Vatsalya offers flexibility in investment choices to accommodate various risk tolerances and return expectations. The investment options include:
\n\n\n\nIn Auto Choice, the allocation is automatically managed based on the age of the minor, with the following options available:
\n\n\n\nHere, the guardian has more control and can allocate the investments based on the following limits:
\n\n\n\nOpening an NPS Vatsalya account can be done either through authorized Points of Presence (PoPs) like banks, pension funds, or India Post, or through the online platform eNPS.
The steps include filling out the necessary forms, submitting identification documents for the minor, and selecting the investment options as per the guardian’s preference.
For a comprehensive list of PoPs, you can refer to the official PFRDA website.
\n\n\n\nPartial withdrawals from the NPS Vatsalya account are allowed under specific conditions:
\n\n\n\nUpon turning 18, the minor has two options depending on the size of the accumulated corpus:
\n\n\n\nOnce the account holder turns 18, the NPS Vatsalya account is automatically converted into a regular NPS account.
From this point, the individual will have access to all the features of the regular NPS scheme, and the pension can be accessed upon reaching the age of 60.
Currently, there are no specific guidelines on the tax benefits applicable to NPS Vatsalya.
However, it is expected that contributions made under the scheme will qualify for the same tax deductions as the regular NPS under Sections 80C and 80CCD (1B) of the Income Tax Act. Official clarification on this is awaited.
NPS Vatsalya is designed to provide a long-term financial cushion for minors by helping parents or guardians set up a pension fund early in life.
While it offers a range of investment options and flexibility, it is important to carefully consider the contribution amounts and withdrawal conditions before committing to the scheme.
As always, prospective investors should stay informed and consult with financial professionals for clarity on individual financial goals.
*Disclaimer – This is for information purposes only and not investment advice. Data credit to the rightful source.
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